Your mother may think you're special, but does CLEO?

Above: reproduced from Ref. 1. Magnetomotion OCT (MM-OCT) of chicken breast tissue.

CLEO conference organizers recently posted the categories for the Special Symposia which are to include five areas: 1) Nano-bio-photonics, 2) Broadband Spectroscopy: New Techniques and Sources, 3) Quantum Communications, 4) Fiber Parametric Devices and Applications, and 5) Light-emitting Nano-plasmonic Devices.

Among other invited speakers in the Nano-bio-photonics Symposium, Stephen Boppart from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, will be discussing "Endogenous Molecules or Exogenous Molecularly Targeted Contrast Agents for OCT." OCT, or Optical Coherence Tomography, was pioneered in the early 1990's by James Fujimoto of MIT, who will also be giving an invited talk in this Symposium. OCT uses the cleverness of interfering low-coherence light to scan through tissue to depths up to a few millimeters and with an axial resolution equivalent to the coherence length of the source, typically less than 10 microns. Complete OCT setups can be purchased commercially, like Thorlab's OCS1300SS. In fact, during my last eye-checkup I asked my optometrist if she had heard of OCT since they are becoming more widely used by opthamologists to probe retinal health and conditions. She did. In fact she had participated in a clinic to understand how to use OCT and read images.

Though roubst, OCT has been limited to a small number of medical applications because it is insensitive to standard molecular probes used by biomedical researchers such as fluorophores or bioluminescent markers. This is because fluorescence and bioluminescence arise from inelastically scattered light, and OCT is sensitive only to elastically scattered light (light coherent with the source). Therefore, in order to use molecular probes with OCT to diagnose a wider variety of diseases or to answer fundamental questions of cellular function, one must use a different set of probes that are sensitive to elastic scattering properties of light like changes in scattering itself, absorption, polarization, phase, or frequency.¹

From the title of the talk, I imagine that Professor Boppart will be discussing some of the exogenous probes (probes introduced into the tissue) he and his group have created and used for OCT like metallic nanoshells and microspheres engineered from a variety of materials to enhance scattering.¹ My favorite of the ingenuous probes are particles with high magnetic susceptibilities such that when modulated with a magnetic field, their subsequent motion changes the local scattering properties of the tissue, see the figure above.¹ I also suspect he will be talking about endogenous probes (where the tissue of interest naturally contains helpful probes) like collagen that can be stimulated by a coherent process like second harmonic generation, or Hb/HbO2 whose scattering and absorbing properties are frequency-dependent.¹ I'm excited to hear advances in this work as well as attend the other symposia.

The latter four symposia are open for submission of contributed papers and you can find the CLEO or QELS subcategory to which to submit beneath the particular symposium description. I'm particularly interested in the Broadband Spectroscopy Symposium since one of the emphases is Mid IR sources, a new interest of mine. I also am excited that the Quantum Communication Symposium, which like the Nano-bio-photonic Symposium, has been placed under the designations of QELS: Fundamental Science, and CLEO: Science and Innovation, and CLEO: Applications and Technology. These symposia will attempt to show their fields from the idea-stage all the way to commercialization.

So if you think you're special (which if you're planning on submitting work to CLEO you most certainly are), take a moment to see if your work falls into the Special Symposia categories.

References

1. S. A. Boppart et al., "Optical probes and techniques for molecular contrast enhancement in coherence imaging ," Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10, 041208, (2005).

Call for Papers and CLEO's New Direction

As the leaves are changing color and the days are becoming shorter, it's time to get your CLEO submission into shape. Time to order those parts with long lead-times. Time to optimize your code. Time to hunker-down, build your experiment and collect data. And this time, perhaps even demonstrate your prototype.

This Thursday marks the official Call for Papers for CLEO 2011 in Baltimore. The deadline for submissions (with the exception of post-deadline papers) is December 2, 12:00 pm EST. For your convenience, and hopefully not to stress you out, I've embedded a countdown timer at the top of the blog.

CLEO 2011 will prove to be even more exciting this coming May due to the addition of a new conference, CLEO: Applications and Technology. The classic CLEO conference, CLEO: Science and Innovation and CLEO/QELS: Fundamental Science, will still remain intact. The new conference will "explore the intersection of academic research with product commercialization." Papers submitted to the Applications and Technology conference will demonstrate the transition of fundamental and applied research toward product commercialization. The conference programmers emphasize work should be pre-commercial. Topic categories include Biomedical, Environment/Energy, Government and National Science, Security and Standards Applications, and Industrial.

The addition of CLEO: Applications and Technology, to classic CLEO, QELS, Market Focus, and the Expo gives continuity to the spectrum (no pun intended) of innovation at the conference. Under one roof conference-goers will now be able to learn about break-throughs in fundamental science (QELS), applied science (CLEO), the transition of applied research to commercial products (Applications and Technology), commercial developments and research ready-for-commercialization (Market Focus), as well as see and purchase commercial products first-hand (Expo).

In my opinion, the move to foster more collaboration and communication between fundamental research and product development is wholly positive. I recently showed my electronics class the NOVA special Transistorized which recounts the development of the transistor. The history of this device that revolutionized all of our lives shows how synergy between commercial enterprise and fundamental science can produce both Nobel laureates and corporate behemoths like Sony and Intel. Let's hope history repeats itself in Baltimore.

FiO/LS 2010: Everything and the Kitchen Sink

Karl Koch of Corning, Inc., and this year's General Program Chair for Frontiers in Optics 2010 Annual Meeting, is not fibbing in the slightest when he says FiO "..covers almost all topic areas that the Optical Society concerns itself with." Where else could you find sessions like Astrophotonics, Vison and Color, Optical Design with Unconventional Polarization, Laser-based Particle Acceleration, Lasers for Fusion and Fast Ignition, and Sensing in Higher Dimensions all in the same program?

This year's conference is being held in Rochester, NY during October 24-28. Whether attending or not, be sure to catch up with FiO bloggers Laura Waller and Stephen Roberson for daily conference updates. Besides the breadth of topics, what makes FiO/LS special is a smaller, more intimate atmosphere than the typical conference fare. Quality has not been sacrificed for breadth. This years conference includes presentations by heavy-hitters such as Emil Wolf, James Gordon, Stephen Block, Jim Fujimoto, Sunney Xie, Alain Aspect, and many more.



To help build your specific conference itinerary, I recommend watching the you-tube shorts of the different subcommittee chairs describing work in their particular topics. I found Alfred U'Ren's, of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, descriptions of Quantum Electronics abstracts (above) particularly helpful. Among other talks, Dr. U'Ren highlighted work by Stephen Barnett, FTuZ1, "The Enigma of Optical Momentum," in which Barnett seems to have solved a longstanding paradox between conflicting descriptions of optical momentum in materials. Through a combination of browsing the shorts and looking at the online planner, I also became interested in FTuS7, "Tensile Strength Analysis of Laser Skin Welding with Thulium Laser System," whose authors are seeking a photonic replacement to suturing wounds using Mid-IR light.

Though the plenary is typically a staple, I still feel compelled to urge you to attend Joseph Eberly's Ives Medal Address. Dr. Eberly will be receiving OSA's highest honor. His talk, "When Malus Tangles with Euclid, who Wins?" stands to be creative and enlightening.

Finally, another unique quality of FiO/LS is an emphasis on education in science and optics. Science Educators day, Wednesday, October 27, 4:30-8:00 pm, is a chance for middle and high school educators, professional or volunteer outreach, to learn new hands-on demos and experiments in optics for the classroom. Additionally, FiO/LS is one of the few professional optics conferences that has an undergraduate symposium, Monday, October 25, 12:00-6:30 pm. FiO/LS is leading the way to mentor and encourage the future generation of optical scientists and engineers. Mark your calendars and support these budding, young scientists.

Oh what an entangled web we weave...

(Above: The nerdy license plate of fellow Augustana College physics professor Cecilia Vogel, referencing the famous 1935 Phys. Rev. paper by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen which introduced the idea of entanglement and questioned the completeness of a quantum mechanical description of reality)

Looking back through some of the literature in photonics and optics published this summer, I was most fascinated by three experiments concerning reliable generation of entangled photons. Two groups, one from China¹ and another from Vienna², showed independent reports of heralded generation of entangled photon pairs. Another, from Toshiba of Europe , demonstrated 'on-demand' entangled photons from a quantum dot embedded inside an LED, making an entangled-LED or more simply, ELED³. These works have been nicely summarized in the News and Views section in the August issue of Nature Photonics: “Entangled photons report for duty,” by Pieter Kok⁴ and “A spooky light-emitting diode” by Val Zwiller⁵ .

For me, quantum entanglement may be one of the coolest and weirdest properties of light. Entanglement ‘spooked’ Einstein and led to a paradigm shift in our fundamental understanding of the nature of measurement and reality. Particles of matter or light don’t live in well defined states until we force them to by a measurement. This is already weird, but now if they are entangled, the measuring process is shown to be nonlocal–a measurement on one particle simultaneously determines the state of the other.

As a young graduate student, I found myself filling up conference itineraries with talks on quantum computing, cryptography, and key distribution. My head spun with trying to understand all the bras and kets that accompanied explanations of quantum information protocols. Admittedly, I should have paid better attention in modern physics and quantum mechanics when I was a student (sorry professors Vogel, Coppersmith, and Drell!). However, frustrated with Alice, Bob, and that pesky Eve, my reaction was to give up, and since my research dealt with large numbers of photons, I decided to happily and naïvely live in a classical world.

The recent News and Views articles by Kok and Zwiller stirred the inner physicist within me, and sent me down a path of literature searching too detailed, too mathy , and too long for a blog post. However, I’ve attempted to give my own understanding of how the exciting work of heralded and on-demand entangled photon sources can be put into a broader context. If you’re a beginner like me and want more information on the fundamentals of quantum information, I recommend Kok’s website and review article⁶, Gisin’s review⁷, and Dehlinger’s article geared for setting up entanglement experiments for the advanced undergraduate laboratory curriculum⁸.

Whether or not you’re a practicing quantum mechanic, you likely know that entanglement is a crucial ingredient for quantum information processing. Entanglement using photons may be the best method for practically achieving quantum computing and for quantum communication due to their coherence, low transmission loss, and ease of manipulation. The most widely used method for generating entangled photon-pairs is through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal (SPDC). This technique is so robust that it has recently been employed in a number of undergraduate teaching labs to help physics students understand the photonic nature of light and the non-intuitive implications of quantum mechanics^8,9,10.

Beating the odds

The problem with SPDC is that the process of pair generation is probabilistic. More often than not, zero or multiple pairs are generated, see Fig 1 (a). Like a game of black-jack at a Vegas card table, more often than not you don’t get the cards want, and so more often than not, the house wins. However, if you are clever and can count cards, you can guarantee a win even though the odds are against you. You aren’t changing the probability distribution of what is being dealt, you are just predicting what will be played. You can select which cards you want and pass on others without having to see their face values. In the language of quantum entanglement, you would be 'heralding' or announcing the cards you want before they are dealt.
Figure 1. reproduced and adapted from ref. 4. Creating entangled photon pairs. (a) In normal operation, a parametric down-converter (PDC) produces an unknown number of entangled photon pairs in each pulse. Detectors must then ‘post-select’ the correct events that contain exactly one pair. (b) The basic setup used by Pan and Walther's lab; a particular four-photon detection event can occur only when three pairs are present, with the remaining two entangled photons propagating freely. This creates precisely one ‘heralded’ entangled photon pair.

The heralded entangled photon source produced by Jian-Wie Pan’s lab in China¹ and Philip Walther’s lab in Vienna² was done through clever counting. Both groups used a setup similar to Fig 1. (b) such that when three photon pairs were generated simultaneously by SPDC, two of the pairs would be ‘peeled off’⁴ by the beam splitters, and remaining would be guaranteed to be a single entangled pair. Essentially, the simultaneous firing of four detectors at the outputs of the ‘peel off’- beam splitter herald a single remaining entangled photon pair. You have to wait for a three-photon pair event, but you can be guaranteed an entangled output.

Fig. 2 (a) Reproduced and adapted from from ref. 3. Schematic of the active region of the ELED, showing the emission of a polarization entangled photon pair through the biexciton cascade. (b) reproduced from ref. 5. Optical microscope image of the from Toshiba Europe.

Another way to beat the house is to change the probability of cards drawn- use your own deck. Salter et al.³ from the Shileds group of Toshiba Europe essentially took this approach to creating entangled photon pairs by using an entirely different physical mechanism than SPDC. Using the radiative decay of the biexciton state in a quantum dot Fig. 2 (a) , the Toshiba group created an ‘on-demand’ entangled source. The biexciton state is created by the capture of two electrons and two holes. So long as the two excitons are degenerate in energy (no fine structure splitting) the output will be entangled. In fact, one of the experimental hurdles overcome by the Tohsiba group was to grow quantum dots emitting photons of the right energy, near 1.4 eV (887 nm), in order to have very small fine-structure splitting. Because the source is not probabilistic and no clever counting setups are needed, it is referred to as ‘sub-Poissonian’⁵. What makes Salter’s work so hot is that the on-demand source is driven electrically. No bulky pump lasers are needed like they are for an SPDC source. The entangled-LED, or ELED, could possibly be scaled down to submicron sizes for on-chip integration⁵, see the microscope image in Fig. 2 (b).

Limitations

Though each technique is a groundbreaking achievement, there are a number of practical limitations to be overcome. The rate at which either gives entangled pairs is quite low. For heralded pair generation using a typical SPDC setup, the rate of three-photon events, from which you cleverly select a single pair, ranges from 0.001 to 0.1 Hz². Cranking up the pump laser power can give you more three-pair events, but then it will start to give you four-pair events as well, which will trigger your detectors and give a false-positive.

For the ELED, the Toshiba group showed an entangled pair rate of 3.0 Hz. This can be improved by increasing the coupling efficiency as well as increasing the injection current. Intrinsically, this device shows better promise as an ‘on-demand’ source since the probability of generating and entangled pair per voltage pulse is 3%³ - about 10,000 times more probable than generating a three-photon pair in SPDC⁴.

Both techniques show an entanglement fidelity of more than 80%. The primary reason that heralded generation using SPDC comes up short of perfect entanglement is due to the nonzero probability of the creation of simultaneous four-photon pairs. As mentioned above, four-photon events will also simultaneously trigger your detectors and give you a two-pair output instead of the single pair you expect. The imperfect entanglement in the ELED made by Toshiba primarily comes from unentangled background light from the surrounding diode structure. Eighty percent fidelity may not be useful for all quantum information protocols but is high enough for important components of quantum computing like teleportation and entanglement swapping³.

Finally, both techniques are not quite ready to be integrated on-chip. Walther et al.² made their pump source with a frequency doubled Ti:Sapphire laser Though Ti:Sapphs are the workhorses of ultrafast optics and are very robust (See earlier post for more details), they currently require a good amount of space on an optics table(roughly four feet long and 1 foot wide), expert knowledge of ultrafast optics to troubleshoot, and a good amount of money (~$100k). The ELED beats SPDC in this regard since it is compact and requires a simple low-voltage electrical pulse. Unfortunately, successful operation requires near-liquid helium temperatures. Salter et al.³ showed operation at a chilly 5 K.

Despite such hang-ups, one has to keep in mind the practicality of early computing and information processing. Could Mauchly and Eckert, the inventors of the ENIAC (which consumed 150 kW of power, used 18,000 vacuum tubes, and was so big that it needed to be housed in a 30 x 50 foot room) ever envisioned an iPod Touch? And even if the quantum version of the iPod Touch never materializes, perhaps this cool physics is just worth doing for its own sake.

References

1. C. Wagenknecht et al., "Experimental demonstration of a heralded entanglement source," Nature Photonics, 4, 549-552, (2010).

2. S. Barz et al., "Heralded generation of entangled photon pairs," Nature Photonics, 4, 553-556, (2010).

3. C. L. Salter et al., “An entangled-light-emitting diode,” Nature, 465, 594-597, (2010).

4. P. Kok, “Entangled photons report for duty,” Nature Photonics, 4, 504-505, (2010).

5. V. Zwiller, “A spooky light-emitting diode,” Nature Photonics, 4, 508-509, (2010).

6. P. Kok et al., “Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits,” Rev. Mod. Phys., 79, 135-174, (2007).

7. N. Gisin et al., “Quantum Cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys., 74, 145-195, (2002).

8. D. Dehlinger and W. M. Mitchell, “Entangled photons, nonlocality, and Bell inequalities in the undergraduate laboratory,” Am. J. Phys, 70, 903-910, (2002).

9. E. J. Galvez et al., “Interference with correlated photons: five quantum mechanics experiments for undergraduates,” Am. J. Phys, 73, 127-140, (2005).

10. J.J. Thorn et al., “Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory,” Am. J. Phys, 72, 1210-1219, (2004).

Erratum

Greetings. If anyone is still paying attention, I wanted to clarify an error in post "Cutting-edge and Future Saturable Absorbers" originally posted on May 20. I was a little two-photon happy and incorrectly inserted a two-photon absorption process in the electron transition diagram. This has now been corrected. My apologies to author Amir Nevet for this mistake and many thanks to the author for clarifying the correct diagram of the second-order process. Best of luck to the authors developing this work. I know I am looking forward to the day when I can get my hands on a two-photon amplifier. If Nevet et al are taking pre-orders, I'd like mine fiber-coupled!

See you in Baltimore in 2011

I hope all conference attendees, presenters, and organizers have made it safely back home by now. Thanks to all of you for your hard work, great research, and participation in our field. Though the economy has not been on our side, one wouldn't know it from the innovations demonstrated in both the academic sphere and marketplace at this conference.

I hope to see everyone at CLEO/QELS in Baltimore, May 1-6, 2011.

I would like to give special thanks to April Zack, head of OSA student chapters and the young professionals organization of the OSA, Dominique Smith, from OSA marketing communications, and Juliann Grant, OSA social media consultant, without whom this blog would not have happened.

Also, special thanks to Sam Rubin of Thorlabs for sending me home with enough Thorlabs T-shirts for everyone in my lab at Augustana, as well as the doggy bag of lab snacks which saved me one night at the hotel when I came down with a bad case of the munchies!

Most of all, thanks to all of you who took time to read the posts. I certainly benefited from writing them. Never would I have looked so carefully at what was available to me at the conference. I hope you came away with something as well.

Postdeadline Frenzy: Black is the new Black

Get ready for the post deadline frenzy beginning at 8:00 pm this evening. Make sure to stretch and warm-up properly as you race from room to room. Some areas that caught my interest when browsing through the abstracts were new spectroscopic techniques, novel sources for trace gas detection and molecular fingerprinting, and how to make something really, really, black.

Many of us at CLEO are interested in building or using light sources, particularly lasers. After all, that's what the "L" stands for in CLEO. However, two papers in tonight's postdeadline session, CPDA5, "Coherent Perfect Absorbers: Time-reversed Laser," and CPDA6, "Darker than Black: radiation-absorbing metamaterials," address either destroying it or fully converting it into another form of energy. The former may be helpful for controlled optical energy transfer, and the latter for optimized energy harvesting in solar cells. Though physically different, both techniques utilize negative contributions of dielectric permittivity (one relies on a negative imaginary part and the other a negative real part).

If you are interested in light absorption, or cool optical analogs to astrophysics, you may also want to check out related work by Evgenii Narimanov, author of CPDA6, using metamaterials to create a propagation medium for EM fields analogous to the curved space-time near a black hole, in this case, an "optical black hole."